Lighting
1. A production area in a factory measures 80 metres x 30 metres.
Find the number of lamps required if each lamp has a Lighting Design
Lumen (
The illumination required for the factory area is 250 lux.
Utilisation factor = 0.45
Lamp Maintenance Factor = 0.75
2. A room measures 26m x 12m x 3.6m high and the design illumination is 500 lux on the working plane (0.85 metres above the floor).
The Utilisation factor is 0.65 and the Maintenance factor is 0.8.
If the
(a) the number of fittings required.
(b) the fittings layout. Provide a suitable drawing.
(c) If the spacing/mounting height ratio is 1 : 1 determine whether the current design is acceptable. Re-draw the layout if necessary.
3. Choose appropriate lamp and fitting types for the buildings listed below;
(a) Hospital ward
(b) Factory
(c) Bank hall
(d) School classroom
(e) Large Public Library
(f) Football Stadium
(g) Retail Outlet window
(h) Temporary lighting for construction site.
(i) Scientific experimentation Laboratory.
(j) Cinema
4. Describe a typical emergency lighting scheme for a large building.
Discuss the systems and categories that may be used.
Describe various luminaries and wiring systems that can be used in emergency lighting.
Discuss the location of fittings.
5. Describe, with the aid sketches, typical control gear for gas discharge and low voltage light fittings.
6. Produce an appropriate lighting scheme for the Leisure Centre building.
Choose fittings and produce a design that is efficient, energy
saving and cost effective.
MARKING CRITERIA
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Mark Criteria
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Pass Most
calculations are correct.
Appropriate
methods are discussed in some detail.
Electrical
design is appropriate and will function.
Software
is used appropriately where necessary.
The diagrams are laid out clearly and are easily read
The
script is of appropriate length.
The
process is briefly described.
_______________________________________________________________________
Merit All
calculations are correct.
Diagrams are neat and well annotated.
Lighting
Design includes all items and will function.
Software
is utilised for the scheme where necessary.
The choice of systems is accurate and appropriate for
the
The process is described with detail and is a
comprehensive discussion which follows a sequence.
Difficulties and
improvements are briefly discussed.
_______________________________________________________________________
Distinction All
calculations are correct.
Appropriate
lighting designs are discussed in detail giving examples and typical methods.
Design
is accurate and feasible.
Diagrams are neatly presented and fully annotated.
Discussion
is introduced and includes all major points.
Lighting
design is researched from appropriate sources.
Script is partly or wholly typed if facilities are
available during assignment.
Improvements
are discussed and described in detail with sketches where appropriate.
Cost
analysis is included.
Reference
is made to current regulations and legislation.
Answer by C. Newman
Q1.
A production area in a factory measures
80 metres x 30 metres.
Find the number of lamps
required if each lamp has a Lighting Design Lumen (
The illumination required for the
factory area is 250 lux.
Utilisation factor = 0.45
Lamp Maintenance Factor = 0.75
Answer 1.
80 x 30 x250
17500 x 0.45 x0.75
= 600000
5906.25
= 101.59
= 102 Lamps
Q2. A room measures 26m x 12m x 3.6m high and the
design illumination is 500 lux on the working plane (0.85 metres above the
floor).
The Utilisation factor is 0.65 and the
Maintenance factor is 0.8.
If the
(a) the
number of fittings required.
(b) the
fittings layout. Provide a suitable drawing.
(c) If
the spacing/mounting height ratio is 1 : 1 determine whether the current design
is acceptable. Re-draw the layout if necessary.
Answer 2.
26 x 12 x 250
2720 x 0.65 x 0.8
= 156000
1414.4
= 110.29
= 110 Lamps
In this example the spacing is 1.714 lateral and 1.625
longitude and the mounting height is 2.75 then the ratios are
1.714:2.75
1.625:2.75
Neither meet the requirement of 1:1.A solution would be
to increase the distance between the fittings or remove a number of fittings.
A new lay out – 26m / 2.75 spacing = 9.45 or 10
fittings longitude.
12m / 2.75 spacing
=4.36 or 5 fittings lateral.
The revised number of fittings is 50 so we must now
increase the lumens level to still achieve the 500 lux on the working plane.
F = E x A
N x UF x MF
= 500 x
312
50 x 0.65
x0.8
= 156000
26
= 6000 Lumens
Each fitting needs to have 6000 lumens to achieve the
spec.
Q3. Choose appropriate lamp and fitting types
for the buildings listed below;
(a)
Hospital ward
(b)
Factory
(c)
Bank hall
(d)
School classroom
(e)
Large Public Library
(f)
Football Stadium
(g)
Retail Outlet window
(h)
Temporary lighting for construction site.
(i)
Scientific experimentation Laboratory.
(j)
Cinema
Answer 3
Appropriate
lamp and fitting for the buildings listed below.
(a)
Hospital ward –
Lamp details – Louvred or high performance prismatic
lens fittings using power saving “triphosphor” lamps. High frequency electronic
or low loss ballasts can be particularly effective..
(b)
Factory-Lightpack Trough Reflector& Wire Guard by Fitzgerald
Lighting. This range suitable for use with single and twin lamp lightpack.
Optional wire guards clip onto metal reflector ensuring robust construction for
lamp protection.
Lamp details-These come in various lengths and
wattages
to suit all applications.
(c)
Bank Hall-Elite by Fitzgerald Lighting.
Pendant mounted luminaries energy efficient and stylish
complies with CIBSE Cat 2.
A simple suspension wire installation allows a
multitude of possibilities in modern commercial environments.
Lamp details-florescent tubes in various lengths and
wattages.
Triphosphor lamps can be used for all of the above
fittings.
(d) School classroom- Single &
twin lightpack prismatic controller.
A prismatic controller extruded from
polystyrene material, for use with
the lightpack range. This product adds greatly to the appearance of the
standard batten luminaries whilst reducing glare from the bare lamp
Lamps-Power saving triphosphor lamps.
(e) Large public library-Main areas recessed
luminaries designed to suit most exposed T-Bar ceilings. This luminaire is
fitted as standard with high frequency ballast for improved energy efficiency,
flicker free operation and instant start.
Lamps-Power saving triphosphor lamps.
Reading areas-tiro by Fitzgerald
Lighting. This luminaries comes complete with a 24 watt compact fluorescent
lamp, with two different intensity distributions .The symmetrical distribution
provides glare free yet uniform light across two desks in a back to back
situation, with asymmetric luminaries suitable for single desk mounting
.
(f) Football stadium-Septre 5 by
Fitzgerald lighting. The optimum utilisation of its performance is achieved at
a mounting height of 16-25 metres. It is designed for use with the 2000w Metal
Halide T lamp or 1000w High Pressure Sodium lamp
(g) Retail Outlet
window-Aura-lightpack 12v ALP. Or Aura-track 12v
Lamps-Low voltage tungsten halogen
lighting or metal halide discharge lighting.
.
(h) Temporary lighting for
construction site-Site-lite by Fitzgerald Lighting. To comply with latest site
electrics legislation, fitted with either: 110v lightpack batten with wrap
round wire guard for protection
Lamps-58w/68w power saving
triphosphor lamps
(i) Scientific experimentation
laboratory- I would use the same
lights as used in the hospital ward as it is not clear what type of laboratory
experimentation is being carried out
(j)Cinema-
Ecostar a range of simply designed uplighters
,to suit many applications, utilising an efficient compact fluorescent light
source. Ideal for many wall mounted uplighting situations or down lighting.
This light also comes in the emergency light version..
Q4. Describe a typical emergency lighting scheme
for a large building.
Discuss the systems and categories that may be used.
Describe various luminaries and
wiring systems that can be used in emergency lighting.
Discuss the location of fittings.
Answer 4.
There
are three types of emergency lighting.
MAINTAINED-In
this lamp is on all the time. Under normal conditions the mains power it
directly or indirectly. Under emergency conditions one of the lamps normally
operated by the mains is energised from its own battery supply.
NON-MAINTAINED-In
this lamp is off when mains power is available to charge the batteries. Upon
supply failure the lamp is energised from the battery pack.
SUSTAINED-This
is a hybrid of the previous two. A lamp provided which operates from the mains
supply under normal conditions. Under emergency a second lamp, not normally
energised under mains operation, powered from the battery pack takes over.
Sustained luminaries are often used for exit signs.
Systems
of self-contained luminaries are the easiest and most flexible to install but
their effective life is likely to be less than that of central battery systems.
Also, maintenance and testing must be thorough if operation in the event of
emergency is to be guaranteed.
Emergency
lighting for a large building may differ according to usage of the building. If
I was designing emergency lighting for a open plan office I would take into
consideration whether clear escape routes can be defined and designated.
1. With clearly defined escape
routes it is not necessary to cover the whole area, but to illuminate the
escape route or routes.
2. Without clearly defined escape
routes this approach is to situations where escape routes cannot be kept clear,
e.g supermarkets.
Escape lighting requirements come under BS5266 some of the recommendations set out in
this document are that special attention must be paid to when lighting the
following areas,
Exits
and changes of direction
Lifts and escalators must be illuminated
Special areas (control areas, plantrooms and toilet
areas over 8sq. metres)These must have illuminance of minimum of 1 lux.
High risk areas (areas containing rotating
machinery-10% of normal illuminance )
Fire equipment.
When designing a
typical emergency lighting system for a large building the following points
should be taken into consideration.
1.Define
the exits and emergency exits.
2.
Mark the escape routes.
3.Identify
the problem areas. For example, areas that will contain people unfamiliar with
the building, plantrooms, escalators, etc.
4.Mark
the location exit signs these can be self –illuminated or illuminated by
emergency lighting units nearby. Mark these onto the plan.
5.Where
direction signs are required mark these and provide the necessary lighting
6.Identify
the areas of the escape route, paying particular attention to stairs and other
hazards. Remember to allow for shadows caused by obstructions or bends in the
route.
7.Add
extra luminaries to complete the lighting of the escape route paying particular
attention to stairs and other hazards. Remember to allow for shadows caused by
obstructions or bends in the route.
8.Add
extra luminaries to satisfy the problem areas identified in item 3 of this
sequence. Make sure that lighting outside the building is also adequate for
safe evacuation.
9.Check
that all fire alarm call points and fire equipment have bean adequately dealt
with. .
Q5. Describe, with the aid sketches, typical control gear for gas
discharge and low voltage light fittings.
Answer
5.
Sodium Lamp
The discharge
tube is made of special glass which is resistant to the sodium vapour; since
ordinary quartz and hard glass are violently attacked by the sodium which
vaporizes at 300 deg. C.
The double glass
container and high- reactance leak transformer are designed to assist in case
of starting as the discharge lamp would not start at the relatively low mains
voltage. There is a vacuum between the two tubes for heat conservation. No
starter switch is required as the transformer gives a starting voltage of about
400V.
The inner glass contains neon in addition to the
metallic sodium at low pressure. Heat is produced by an initial neon discharge:
at this stage a red light is emitted because of the neon gas. Due to the heated
discharge the sodium then begins to vaporize causing the colour of the
discharge to change from red to sodium yellow. It takes about 10 minutes for
full light to be reached.
Q6. Produce an appropriate lighting scheme for
the Leisure Centre building.
Choose fittings and produce a design that
is efficient, energy saving and cost
Answer 6.
In the leisure
building I am going to fit the I Q range of products. This system allows
maximum efficiency from the lighting installation with additional comfort
benefits by virtue of flexibility of control.
All
IQ luminaries have a centrally mounted censor cube, which detects ambient
daylight and presence. By adjusting the light output from the lamps according
to the ambient daylight present.
The
intelligent luminaries ensure maximum energy savings.
Further
savings are achieved as the luminary’s switches off if the area beneath it is
unoccupied and switches back on when reoccupation is detected.
Another
money saving device that can be fitted in the leisure building is a system to
self test the emergency lights thus cutting the cost of maintenance and service
contracts.
The
Intelli test module will ensure that all the statutory legal testing
obligations are carried out automatically. If a fault occurs with in the
luminaries a visual and/or audible signal will indicate the specific failure.
The Intelli Test will perform the following tests: operation of battery
charger-battery condition-battery open circuit or short circuit-operation of
emergency circuit-operation of emergency lamp and full duration under emergency
conditions.
The foyer
will have low voltage spotlights and uplighters fitted with energy saving
luminaries.
Fitzgerald
Lighting will fit toilets and shower areas with the Taurus range of lamps.
These are ideal as they are vapour proof bulk head fittings fitted with 16/28-watt
2D lamps
Restraint
–Apollo Tri- laminate comes in recessed and surface mounted designed to suit
most exposed T-bar ceilings. Some of the design features –light weight-
non-marking -. Non conductive-non-corrosive and non-metallic.
Sports
hall-Aries – High quality weather resistant bulkhead ideal for commercial and
industrial environments comes in various voltages and semi-recessing bezel to
allow installation into suspended ceilings.